Welcome to my "Way to Success" blog page specially for student community.
Sunday, 8 April 2018
সকলোলৈ আন্তৰিক অভিনন্দন জনাই মোৰ ব্লগৰ দ্বাৰা ডি এল এড প্রশিক্ষার্থী সকলৰ সুবিধার্থে কিছু অধ্যয়ন সামগ্রী দিবলৈ সাজু হৈছো .......
D.EL.ED. FIRST YEAR (NIOS) BOOKS DETAILS:
D.EL.ED. FIRST YEAR (NIOS) BOOKS DETAILS:
FIRST PAPER : ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN INDIA : A SOCIO-CULTURAL PROSPECTIVE (501)
SECOND PAPER : PEDAGOGIC PROCESSES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS (502)
THIRD PAPER : LEARNING LANGUAGES AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL (503)
Thursday, 21 July 2016
CLASS X ENGLISH NOTES
Class 10th
English Notes: First Flight
Chapter: 1:
A Letter to God
By G.L. Fuentes
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What did Lencho hope for?
Answer : Lencho hoped for rains as the only thing
that his field of ripe corn needed was a shower.
2. Why did Lencho say the raindrops were like ‘new
coins’?
Answer : Lencho’s crops were ready for harvest. As raindrops would have helped in getting a better harvest, resulting in more prosperity, so Lencho compared them with new coins.
3. How did the rain change? What happened to Lencho’s fields?
Answer : The rain was pouring down. But suddenly, a strong wind began to blow and very large hailstones began to fall along with the rain.
All the crop in Lencho's fields destroyed.
4. What were Lencho’s feelings when the hail stopped?
Answer : After hail stopped, Lencho's soul was filled with sadness. He could see a bleak future for him and his family. Hew was worried about lack of food for the coming year.
Oral Comprehension Check
1. Who or what did Lencho have faith in? What did he do?
Answer : Lencho had faith in God. He believed that God’s eyes see everything, even what is deep in one’s conscience. He wrote a letter to God saying that he needed a hundred pesos to sow his field again.
2. Who read the letter?
Answer : Postmaster read the letter.
3. What did the postmaster do then?
Answer : The Postmaster first laughed. But then he became serious. He was deeply moved by the writer’s faith in God. He did not want to shake this faith. So he decided to collect the money and send it to Lencho.
Oral Comprehension Check
1.Was Lencho surprised to find a letter for him with money in it?
Answer: No. Lencho was not at all surprised to see the letter from God with money inside it. His confidence and faith in God was such that he had expected that reply from God.
2. What made him angry?
Answer : When he finished counting moneyhe found only seventy pesos. But he demanded hundred pesos. He was confident that God could neither make a mistake nor deny him what he had requested. Therefore, he concluded that the post office employees must have taken the remaining thirty pesos.
Thinking about the Text
1. Who does Lencho have complete faith in? Which sentences in the story tell you this?
Answer : Lencho had complete faith in God. The sentences in the story that show this are as follows:
(i) But in the hearts of all who lived in that solitary house in the middle of the valley, there was a single hope: help from God.
(ii) All through the night, Lencho thought only of his one hope: the help of God, whose eyes, as he had been instructed, see everything, even what is deep in one’s conscience.
(iii) “God,” he wrote, “if you don’t help me, my family and I will go hungry this year.”
(iv) He wrote ‘To God’ on the envelope, put the letter inside and, still troubled, went to town.
(v) God could not have made a mistake, nor could he have denied Lencho what he had requested.
(vi) It said: “God: of the money that I asked for, only seventy pesos reached me. Send me the rest, since I need it very much.”
2. Why does the postmaster send money to Lencho? Why does he sign the letter ‘God’?
Answer: Postmaster was moved by Lencho’s complete faith in the God. So, he decided to send money to Lencho. Moreover, the postmaster did not want to shake Lencho’s faith in God. So, he signed the letter ‘God’. It was a good ploy to convey a message that God had himself written the letter.
3. Did Lencho try to find out who had sent the money to him? Why/Why not?
Answer : No, Lencho does not try to find out who had sent the money to him. This is because he had great confidence in God and never suspected that it could be someone else other than God who would send him the money. His faith in God was so strong that he believed that God had sent him the money.
4. Who does Lencho think has taken the rest of the money? What is the irony in the situation? [Remember that the irony of a situation is an unexpected aspect of it. An ironic situation is strange or amusing because it is the opposite of what is expected.]
Answer : Lencho thinks that the post office people have taken the money. It is the post office people who send the money to Lencho. But, on the other hand, Lencho thinks they have stolen his money. He calls them crooks. Thus there is an element of irony in this situation.
5.Are there people like Lencho in the real world? What kind of a person would you say he is? You may select appropriate words from the box to answer the question.
Answer : Lencho’s crops were ready for harvest. As raindrops would have helped in getting a better harvest, resulting in more prosperity, so Lencho compared them with new coins.
3. How did the rain change? What happened to Lencho’s fields?
Answer : The rain was pouring down. But suddenly, a strong wind began to blow and very large hailstones began to fall along with the rain.
All the crop in Lencho's fields destroyed.
4. What were Lencho’s feelings when the hail stopped?
Answer : After hail stopped, Lencho's soul was filled with sadness. He could see a bleak future for him and his family. Hew was worried about lack of food for the coming year.
Oral Comprehension Check
1. Who or what did Lencho have faith in? What did he do?
Answer : Lencho had faith in God. He believed that God’s eyes see everything, even what is deep in one’s conscience. He wrote a letter to God saying that he needed a hundred pesos to sow his field again.
2. Who read the letter?
Answer : Postmaster read the letter.
3. What did the postmaster do then?
Answer : The Postmaster first laughed. But then he became serious. He was deeply moved by the writer’s faith in God. He did not want to shake this faith. So he decided to collect the money and send it to Lencho.
Oral Comprehension Check
1.Was Lencho surprised to find a letter for him with money in it?
Answer: No. Lencho was not at all surprised to see the letter from God with money inside it. His confidence and faith in God was such that he had expected that reply from God.
2. What made him angry?
Answer : When he finished counting moneyhe found only seventy pesos. But he demanded hundred pesos. He was confident that God could neither make a mistake nor deny him what he had requested. Therefore, he concluded that the post office employees must have taken the remaining thirty pesos.
Thinking about the Text
1. Who does Lencho have complete faith in? Which sentences in the story tell you this?
Answer : Lencho had complete faith in God. The sentences in the story that show this are as follows:
(i) But in the hearts of all who lived in that solitary house in the middle of the valley, there was a single hope: help from God.
(ii) All through the night, Lencho thought only of his one hope: the help of God, whose eyes, as he had been instructed, see everything, even what is deep in one’s conscience.
(iii) “God,” he wrote, “if you don’t help me, my family and I will go hungry this year.”
(iv) He wrote ‘To God’ on the envelope, put the letter inside and, still troubled, went to town.
(v) God could not have made a mistake, nor could he have denied Lencho what he had requested.
(vi) It said: “God: of the money that I asked for, only seventy pesos reached me. Send me the rest, since I need it very much.”
2. Why does the postmaster send money to Lencho? Why does he sign the letter ‘God’?
Answer: Postmaster was moved by Lencho’s complete faith in the God. So, he decided to send money to Lencho. Moreover, the postmaster did not want to shake Lencho’s faith in God. So, he signed the letter ‘God’. It was a good ploy to convey a message that God had himself written the letter.
3. Did Lencho try to find out who had sent the money to him? Why/Why not?
Answer : No, Lencho does not try to find out who had sent the money to him. This is because he had great confidence in God and never suspected that it could be someone else other than God who would send him the money. His faith in God was so strong that he believed that God had sent him the money.
4. Who does Lencho think has taken the rest of the money? What is the irony in the situation? [Remember that the irony of a situation is an unexpected aspect of it. An ironic situation is strange or amusing because it is the opposite of what is expected.]
Answer : Lencho thinks that the post office people have taken the money. It is the post office people who send the money to Lencho. But, on the other hand, Lencho thinks they have stolen his money. He calls them crooks. Thus there is an element of irony in this situation.
5.Are there people like Lencho in the real world? What kind of a person would you say he is? You may select appropriate words from the box to answer the question.
|
Greedy
|
Naïve
|
stupid
|
ungrateful
|
|
selfish
|
comical
|
unquestioning
|
Answer : I don't think there can be any such people in the real world. Lencho is literate and yet he dosen’t know how his letter will reach God without any address.
He probably would be naïve and unquestioning.
6. There are two kinds of conflict in the story: between humans and nature, and between humans themselves. How are these conflicts illustrated?
Answer : The conflict between humans and nature is shown by the destruction of Lencho’s crops by the hailstorm. As the crops failed by hail, Lencho started feeling sad and gloomy after the storm appropriately projects the conflict of the nature and the man. The Story also shown another conflict, between humans themselves. The postmaster, along with the help of the other post office employees, sent Lencho the money that they could manage to collect. They were not related to Lencho in any manner. It was an act of kindness and selflessness on their part. Even though they did a good deed, Lencho blamed them for taking away some amount of money. This shows that man does not have faith in his fellow humans, thereby giving rise to this conflict.
Thinking about the Language
1. There are different names in different parts of the world for storms, depending on their nature. Can you match the names in the box with their descriptions below, and fill in the blanks? You may use a dictionary to help you.
|
gale,
|
whirlwind,
|
cyclone,
|
|
hurricane,
|
tornado,
|
typhoon
|
1. A violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in
a circle:
__ __ c __ __ __ __
2. An extremely strong wind: __ a __ __
3. A violent tropical storm with very strong winds: __ __ p __ __ __ __
4. A violent storm whose centre is a cloud in the shape of a funnel:
__ __ __ n __ __ __
5. A violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic ocean: __ __ r __ __ __ __ __ __
6. A very strong wind that moves very fast in a spinning movement and causes a lot of damage: __ __ __ __ l __ __ __ __
Answer
1. Cyclone
2. Gale
3. Typhoon
4. Tornado
5. Hurricane
6. Whirlwind
__ __ c __ __ __ __
2. An extremely strong wind: __ a __ __
3. A violent tropical storm with very strong winds: __ __ p __ __ __ __
4. A violent storm whose centre is a cloud in the shape of a funnel:
__ __ __ n __ __ __
5. A violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic ocean: __ __ r __ __ __ __ __ __
6. A very strong wind that moves very fast in a spinning movement and causes a lot of damage: __ __ __ __ l __ __ __ __
Answer
1. Cyclone
2. Gale
3. Typhoon
4. Tornado
5. Hurricane
6. Whirlwind
2. Match the sentences in Column A with the meanings of ‘hope’ in Column B.
|
A
|
B
|
||
|
1.
|
Will you get the subjects you want to study in
college?
I hope so. |
−
|
a feeling that something good will probably
happen
|
|
2.
|
I hope you don’t mind my saying this, but
I don’t like the way you are arguing.
|
−
|
thinking that this would happen (It may or may
not have happened).
|
|
3.
|
This discovery will give new hope to
HIV/AIDS sufferers.
|
−
|
stopped believing that this good thing would
happen
|
|
4.
|
We were hoping against hope that the
judges would not notice our mistakes.
|
−
|
wanting something to happen (and thinking it
quite possible)
|
|
5.
|
I called early in the hope of speaking to
her before she went to school.
|
−
|
showing concern that what you say should not
offend or disturb the other person: a way of being polite
|
|
6.
|
Just when everybody had given up hope, the
fishermen came back, seven days after the cyclone.
|
−
|
wishing for something to happen, although this is
very unlikely
|
Answer
|
A
|
B
|
||
|
1.
|
Will you get the subjects you want to study in college?
I hope so.
|
−
|
wanting something to happen (and thinking it quite
possible)
|
|
2.
|
I hope you don’t mind my saying this, but I
don’t like the way you are arguing.
|
−
|
showing concern that what you say should not offend or
disturb the other person: a way of being polite
|
|
3.
|
This discovery will give new hope to HIV/AIDS
sufferers.
|
−
|
a feeling that something good will probably happen
|
|
4.
|
We were hoping against hope that the judges
would not notice our mistakes.
|
−
|
wishing for something to happen, although this is very
unlikely
|
|
5.
|
I called early in the hope of speaking to her
before she went to school.
|
−
|
thinking that this would happen (It may or may not have
happened.)
|
|
6.
|
Just when everybody had given up hope, the
fisherman came back, seven days after the cyclone.
|
−
|
stopped believing that this good thing would happen
|
Page No: 9
3. Join the sentences given below using who, whom, whose, which as suggested.
1. I often go to Mumbai. Mumbai is the commercial capital of India. (which)
2. My mother is going to host a TV show on cooking. She cooks very well. (who)
3. These sportspersons are going to meet the President. Their performance has been excellent. (whose)
4. Lencho prayed to God. His eyes see into our minds. (whose)
5. This man cheated me. I trusted him. (whom)
Answer
1. I often go to Mumbai, which is the commercial capital of India.
2. My mother, who cooks very well, is going to host a TV show on cooking.
3. These sportspersons, whose performance has been excellent, are going to meet the President.
4. Lencho prayed to God, whose eyes see into our minds.
5. This man, whom I trusted, cheated me.
Page No: 10
4. Find sentences in the story with negative words, which express the following ideas emphatically.
1. The trees lost all their leaves.
_______________________________________________________________
2. The letter was addressed to God himself.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The postman saw this address for the first time in his career.
_______________________________________________________________
Answer
1. The trees lost all their leaves.
Not a leaf remained on the trees.
2. The letter was addressed to God himself.
It was nothing less than a letter to God.
3. The postman saw this address for the first time in his career.
Never in his career as a postman had he known that address.
Page No: 11
5. In pairs, find metaphors from the story to complete the table below. Try to say what qualities are being compared. One has been done for you.
|
Object
|
Metaphor
|
Quality or Feature
Compared
|
|
Cloud
|
Huge mountains of clouds
|
The mass or ‘hugeness’ of mountains.
|
|
Raindrops
|
||
|
Hailstones
|
||
|
Locusts
|
||
|
An epidemic (a disease) that spreads very rapidly
and leaves many people dead.
|
||
|
An ox of a man.
|
Answer
|
Object
|
Metaphor
|
Quality or Feature Compared
|
|
Cloud
|
Huge mountains of clouds
|
The mass or ‘hugeness’ of mountains
|
|
Raindrops
|
A curtain of rain
|
The draping or covering of an area by a curtain
|
|
Hailstones
|
The frozen pearls
|
The resemblance in colour and hardness of a pearl
|
|
Locusts
|
A plague of locusts
|
The consequences (destruction) of plague
|
|
Locusts
|
A plague of locusts
|
An epidemic (a disease) that spreads very rapidly and
leaves many people dead
|
|
Man
|
An ox of a man
|
The working of an ox in the fields (hard work)
|
NCERT
Solutions for Class 10th: Ch 2 Long Walk to Freedom First Flight English
By Nelson Rohlihlahla Mandela
Page No: 18
Comprehension Check
1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any
public buildings in India that are made of sandstone?
Answer
The ceremonies took place in the campus of the Union
Building of Pretoria.
The Parliament House in New Delhi, the Rashtrapati Bhavan
in New Delhi, the Supreme Court of India in New Delhi and Madras High Court in
Chennai are some examples of Indian public buildings that are made of sandstone.
2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa?
Answer
10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa because on this day there was the largest gathering of international leaders on South African soil for the installation of South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial government.
2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa?
Answer
10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa because on this day there was the largest gathering of international leaders on South African soil for the installation of South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial government.
Page No: 19
3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an
extraordinary human disaster”. What does he mean by this? What is the “glorious
… human achievement” he speaks of at the end?
Answer
By human disaster Mandela means to say that coloured
people have suffered a lot due to discrimination in the hands of whites. He
considered it as great glorious human achievement that a black person became
the president of a country where the blacks are not considered as human being
and are treated badly.
4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders for?
Answer
Mandela felt privileged to be the host to the nations of
the world because not too long ago, the South Africans were considered outlaws.
He thus thanked all the international leaders for having come to witness his
investiture as President since this event could be considered as a common
victory for justice, peace and human dignity.
5. What ideals does he set out for the future of South
Africa?
Answer
Mandela set out the ideals of poverty alleviation,
removal of suffering of people. He also set the ideal for a society where there
would be no discrimination based on gender or racial origins.
Page No: 21
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What do the military generals do? How has their
attitude changed, and why?
Answer
The highest military generals of the South African
defence force and police saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty.
Their attitude towards blacks had taken great change. Instead of arresting a black they saluted him.
Their attitude towards blacks had taken great change. Instead of arresting a black they saluted him.
2. Why were two national anthems sung?
Answer
On the day of the inauguration, two national anthems were
sung, one by the whites, and the other by the blacks. This symbolized the
equality of blacks and whites.
3. How does Mandela describe the systems of government in
his country (i) in the first decade, and (ii) in the final decade, of the
twentieth century?
Answer
(i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the white-skinned people of South Africa patched up their differences and erected a system of racial domination against the dark-skinned people of their own land, thus creating the basis of one of the harshest and most inhumane societies the world had ever known.
(ii) In the last decade of the twentieth century, the previous system had been overturned forever and replaced by one that recognized the rights and freedoms of all peoples, regardless of the colour of their skin.
4. What does courage mean to Mandela?
Answer
For Mandela courage does not mean the absence of fear but a victory over fear. According to him brave men need not be fearless but should be able to conquer fear.
5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?
Answer
For Mandela, love comes more naturally to the human heart than hate.
Page No: 24
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What “twin obligations” does Mandela mention?
Answer
Mandela mentions that every man has twin obligations. The first is to his family, parents, wife and children; the second obligation is to his people, his community and his country.
2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these “transitory freedoms” with “the basic and honourable freedoms”?
Answer
Like any other kid for Mandela also the freedom meant a freedom to make merry and enjoy the blissful life. Once anybody becomes an adult then antics of childhood looks like transitory because most of the childish activity is wasteful from an adult’s perspective. Once you are adult then someday you have to earn a livelihood to bring the bacon home, then only you get an honourable existence in the family and in the society.
3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?
Answer
Mandela does not feel that the oppressor is free because according to him an oppressor is a prisoner of hatred, who is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. He feels that both the oppressor and the oppressed are robbed of their humanity.
Thinking about the Text
1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of?
Answer
The presence of large number of international leaders was a gesture of solidarity from international community to the idea of the end of apartheid. It signified the triumph of good over evil, the triumph of the idea of a tolerant society without any discrimination.
2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him?
Answer
Mandela wants to pay his tribute to all the people who had sacrificed their lives for the sake of freedom. he feels that he is the sum of all those African patriots who had gone before him because those heroes of yesterday years had paved the path of co-operation and unity for him. Therefore, he got the support of his people to be able to come to power to bring equality for his own people.
3.Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of character? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?
Answer
Yes, I agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of character”. Nelson Mandela illustrates this by giving examples of great heroes of South Africa who sacrificed their lives in the long freedom struggle. India is full of such examples. During our freedom struggle there was a galaxy of leaders of great characters. Probably the oppression of British rule created so many men of such characters. If we compare this with the quality of political leaders India is having today, then Nelson Mandela seems to be absolutely right.
4. How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom change with age and experience?
Answer
With age Nelson Mandela realised that he had a lot of responsibilities of his people, his community and his country. As a boy, Mandela did not have a hunger for freedom because he thought that he was born free. He believed that as long as he obeyed his father and abided by the customs of his tribe, he was free in every possible manner. He had certain needs as a teenager and certain needs as a young man. Gradually, he realized that he was selfish during his boyhood. He slowly understands that it is not just his freedom that is being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. It is after attaining this understanding that he develops a hunger for the freedom of his people.
5. How did Mandela’s ‘hunger for freedom’ change his life?
Answer
Mandela realized in his youth that it was not just his freedom that was being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. The hunger for his own freedom became the hunger for the freedom of his people. This desire of a non-racial society transformed him into a virtuous and self-sacrificing man. Thus, he joined the African National Congress and this changed him from a frightened young man into a bold man.
Thinking about Language
I. There are nouns in the text (formation, government) which are formed from the corresponding verbs (form, govern) by suffixing − (at)ion or ment. There may be change in the spelling of some verb − noun pairs: such as rebel, rebellion; constitute, constitution.
1. Make a list of such pairs of nouns and verbs in the text.
Answer
(i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the white-skinned people of South Africa patched up their differences and erected a system of racial domination against the dark-skinned people of their own land, thus creating the basis of one of the harshest and most inhumane societies the world had ever known.
(ii) In the last decade of the twentieth century, the previous system had been overturned forever and replaced by one that recognized the rights and freedoms of all peoples, regardless of the colour of their skin.
4. What does courage mean to Mandela?
Answer
For Mandela courage does not mean the absence of fear but a victory over fear. According to him brave men need not be fearless but should be able to conquer fear.
5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?
Answer
For Mandela, love comes more naturally to the human heart than hate.
Page No: 24
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What “twin obligations” does Mandela mention?
Answer
Mandela mentions that every man has twin obligations. The first is to his family, parents, wife and children; the second obligation is to his people, his community and his country.
2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these “transitory freedoms” with “the basic and honourable freedoms”?
Answer
Like any other kid for Mandela also the freedom meant a freedom to make merry and enjoy the blissful life. Once anybody becomes an adult then antics of childhood looks like transitory because most of the childish activity is wasteful from an adult’s perspective. Once you are adult then someday you have to earn a livelihood to bring the bacon home, then only you get an honourable existence in the family and in the society.
3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?
Answer
Mandela does not feel that the oppressor is free because according to him an oppressor is a prisoner of hatred, who is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. He feels that both the oppressor and the oppressed are robbed of their humanity.
Thinking about the Text
1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of?
Answer
The presence of large number of international leaders was a gesture of solidarity from international community to the idea of the end of apartheid. It signified the triumph of good over evil, the triumph of the idea of a tolerant society without any discrimination.
2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him?
Answer
Mandela wants to pay his tribute to all the people who had sacrificed their lives for the sake of freedom. he feels that he is the sum of all those African patriots who had gone before him because those heroes of yesterday years had paved the path of co-operation and unity for him. Therefore, he got the support of his people to be able to come to power to bring equality for his own people.
3.Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of character? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?
Answer
Yes, I agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of character”. Nelson Mandela illustrates this by giving examples of great heroes of South Africa who sacrificed their lives in the long freedom struggle. India is full of such examples. During our freedom struggle there was a galaxy of leaders of great characters. Probably the oppression of British rule created so many men of such characters. If we compare this with the quality of political leaders India is having today, then Nelson Mandela seems to be absolutely right.
4. How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom change with age and experience?
Answer
With age Nelson Mandela realised that he had a lot of responsibilities of his people, his community and his country. As a boy, Mandela did not have a hunger for freedom because he thought that he was born free. He believed that as long as he obeyed his father and abided by the customs of his tribe, he was free in every possible manner. He had certain needs as a teenager and certain needs as a young man. Gradually, he realized that he was selfish during his boyhood. He slowly understands that it is not just his freedom that is being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. It is after attaining this understanding that he develops a hunger for the freedom of his people.
5. How did Mandela’s ‘hunger for freedom’ change his life?
Answer
Mandela realized in his youth that it was not just his freedom that was being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. The hunger for his own freedom became the hunger for the freedom of his people. This desire of a non-racial society transformed him into a virtuous and self-sacrificing man. Thus, he joined the African National Congress and this changed him from a frightened young man into a bold man.
Thinking about Language
I. There are nouns in the text (formation, government) which are formed from the corresponding verbs (form, govern) by suffixing − (at)ion or ment. There may be change in the spelling of some verb − noun pairs: such as rebel, rebellion; constitute, constitution.
1. Make a list of such pairs of nouns and verbs in the text.
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
|
rebellion
|
rebel
|
|
constitution
|
constitute
|
Answer
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
|
Rebellion
|
Rebel
|
|
Constitution
|
Constitute
|
|
Formation
|
Form
|
|
Government
|
Govern
|
|
Obligation
|
Oblige
|
|
Transformation
|
Transform
|
|
Discrimination
|
Discriminate
|
|
Deprivation
|
Deprive
|
|
Demonstration
|
Demonstrate
|
|
Oppression
|
Oppress
|
|
Imagination
|
Imagine
|
2. Read the paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with the noun forms of the verbs in brackets.
Martin Luther King’s __________ (contribute) to our history as an outstanding leader began when he came to the __________ (assist) of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean __________ (subjugate) and __________ (humiliate) by the police and the legal system. Beatings, __________ (imprison) and sometimes death awaited those who defied the System. Martin Lither King’s tactics of protest involved non-violent __________ (resist) to racial injustice.
Answer
Martin Luther King’s contribution (contribute) to our history as an outstanding leader began when he came to the assistance (assist) of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean subjugation (subjugate) and humiliation (humiliate) by the police and the legal system. Beatings, imprisonment (imprison) and sometimes death awaited those who defied the System. Martin Luther King’s tactics of protest involved non-violent resistance (resist) to racial injustice.
Page No: 25
II. Here are some more examples of ‘the’ used with proper names. Try to say what these sentences mean. (You may consult a dictionary if you wish. Look at the entry for ‘the’)
1. Mr Singh regularly invites the Amitabh Bachchans and the Shah Rukh Khans to his parties.
2. Many people think that Madhuri Dixit is the Madhubala of our times.
3. History is not only the story of the Alexanders, the Napoleons and the Hitlers, but of ordinary people as well.
Answer
1. This means that Mr Singh regularly invites famous
personalities such as Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan to his parties.
2. This means that Madhuri Dixit is compared to a
landmark in acting in the form of legendary actress Madhubala.
3. This means that history is not only the story of the
great fighters and leaders such as Alexander, Napoleon and Hitler, but also of
ordinary people.
Page No: 26
III. Match, the
italicised phrases in Column A with the phrase nearest meaning in Column B.
(Hint: First look for the sentence in the text which the phrase in column A
occurs.)
|
A
|
B
|
||
|
1.
|
I was not unmindful of the fact.
|
(i)
|
had not forgotten: was aware of the fact
|
|
(ii)
|
was not careful about the fact
|
||
|
(iii)
|
forgot or was not aware of the fact
|
||
|
2.
|
When my comrades and I were pushed to our limits
|
(i)
|
pushed by the guards to the wall
|
|
(ii)
|
took more than our share of beatings
|
||
|
(iii)
|
felt that we could not endure the suffering any
longer
|
||
|
3.
|
To reassure me and keep me going
|
(i)
|
make me go on walking
|
|
(ii)
|
help me continue to live in hope in this very
difficult situation
|
||
|
(iii)
|
make me remain without complaining
|
||
|
4.
|
The basic and honourable freedoms of … earning my
keep…
|
(i)
|
earning enough money to live on
|
|
(ii)
|
keeping what I earned
|
||
|
(iii)
|
getting a good salary
|
Answer
|
A
|
B
|
||
|
1.
|
I was not unmindful of the fact
|
(i)
|
had not forgotten; was aware of the fact
|
|
2.
|
When my comrades and I were pushed to our
limits
|
(iii)
|
felt that we could not endure the suffering any longer
|
|
3.
|
To reassure me and keep me going
|
(ii)
|
help me continue to live in hope in this very difficult
situation
|
|
4.
|
The basic and honourable freedoms of … earning my
keep…
|
(i)
|
earning enough money to live on
|
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)